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Polish language

The traditional 32-letter Polish alphabet has nine additions (ą, ć, ę, ł, ń, ó, ś, ź, ż) to the letters of the basic 26-letter Latin alphabet, while removing three . Those three letters are at times included in an extended 35-letter alphabet, although they are not used in native words. The traditional set comprises 23 consonants and 9 written vowels, including two nasal vowels (ę, ą) defined by a reversed diacritic hook called an ogonek. Polish is a synthetic and fusional language which has seven grammatical cases. It is one of very few languages in the world possessing continuous penultimate stress and the only in its group having an abundance of palatal consonants. Contemporary Polish developed in the 1700s as the successor to the medieval Old Polish (10th–16th centuries) and Middle Polish (16th–18th centuries).

For example, the ł in the word jabłko ("apple") might be omitted in ordinary speech, leading to the pronunciation japko. Unlike languages such as Czech, Polish does not have syllabic consonants – the nucleus of a syllable is always a vowel. Some city dwellers, especially the less affluent population, had their own distinctive dialects – for example, the Warsaw dialect, still spoken by some of the population of Praga on the eastern bank of the Vistula. However, these city dialects are now mostly extinct due to assimilation with standard Polish. Get results from both the General dictionary and the Collaborative one through one single interface! DisclaimerAll content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only.

One can detect concrete as old and repaired, painted, smooth and new, rough and weathered or polished. The country rock was typically coarse crystalline granite gneiss, strongly weathered, ventifacted, and partly polished, and outcrops were 'crumbled' and without strength. All pearls are refereed , and there is often a fair amount of polishing as a result of the reviewing stage.

As in other Slavic languages, there are also subjectless sentences formed using such words as można ("it is possible") together with an infinitive. Samples from the normal smooth surface of the gneiss boulder show that the surface has been ground and polished during glacial transportation. These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'polish.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. The Polish alphabet derives from the Latin script but includes certain additional letters formed using diacritics. Kashubian uses a Polish-based system, Slovak uses a Czech-based system, and Slovene follows the Croatian one; the Sorbian languages blend the Polish and the Czech ones.

Words from Czech, an important influence during the 10th and 14th–15th centuries include sejm, hańba and brama. Cardinal numbers have a complex system of inflection and agreement. Zero and cardinal numbers higher than five govern the genitive case rather than the nominative or accusative. Special forms of numbers are used with certain classes of noun, which include dziecko ("child") and exclusively plural nouns such as drzwi ("door").